Theories of Consumer Decision Making

Hypotheses of Consumer Decision Making The idea of shopper purchasing conduct isn't new, it has been found a long time back .The current advertising procedures centers around customers purchasing conduct. The showcasing point is to develop and utilize their piece of the pie. Buyers dynamic procedure is exceptionally delicate and depends on their learning and experience. The paper clarifies about the purchasers mental factor especially learning and its impact on purchasing behavior. Learning has been clarified with the assistance of hypotheses, utilizing black box and improvements reaction hypothesis. The black box clarifies the purchasers dynamic procedure and components that influence purchasing choice. Likewise this model additionally features the market boosts, advertise condition, purchasers upgrades and the purchasers reaction. These inward and outside elements plan to impact the buying example of each and every buyer. Purchasers are profoundly touchy while settling on choices and showcasing improvements give essential data and information about the item or administration. Purchasers are additionally affected by social and mental components like society, family, individual, inspiration and learning. In down to earth buyer utilize individual reasoning or experience to reaction redundant purchasing. Oneself learning assists with decreasing the purchasing alternatives and tight down the substitutes accessible in the market. Today present day organizations have embraced the altered showcasing procedures to comprehend the reasoning and dynamic measures. The subjective learning causes the purchaser to recollect the past buy each time when comparative emerge purchaser will utilize own understanding to settle on choice. Fulfilled customer won't go for data search which comes after issue acknowledgment and others steps in dynamic. Advertisers can impact post buy choice by positive learning. If models show the significance of purchasing conduct and fortune 500 organizations have utilized these components to expand their consistency standard. E.g; Dettol advertising clarifies the purchasers reaction and trust which they have created by utilizing mental promoting and positive intellectual learning. To upgrade the learning procedure Marketer utilized instruction and mindfulness program to build up the learning of each and every purchaser. For example Toyota Lexus on other hand additionally center understanding as their promoting procedure. By understanding the need and market trust they presented Lexus (Premium item) which drives the market from decades. Showcasing procedures in addition to extra esteem added administration empower them to improve the client experience. Toyota purchasers were cheerful and happy with unique band. By helpful experience Toyota prevailing to grow new market for extravagance autos. While investigating buyer learning it was seen that client maintenance has an immediate connection with positive learning. It is additionally recommended that advertisers must utilize purchaser conduct and need as the essential examination of market study. Monetary items and administrations require additionally comprehension of customers. It additionally needs to create reasonable system along with administration showcasing to manage singular buyer. As clarified its become additionally trying for the advertisers to comprehend, fulfill and impact the buyer to utilize budgetary administrations. By centering client experience, solid discernment, administration quality and trust advertisers can impact the dynamic and provider decision. Parasuramans, A., Zeithaml, V.A. what's more, Berry, L.L. (1985) says that its exceptionally hard for a customer to pick budgetary items and provider in view of the immaterialness of item, and provider notoriety. Along with Ansoffs model and center existing item and existing business sector advertisers can build purchaser conduct through objective promoting. Result proposes that organizations must accentuate on the components that encroach on the purchasers conduct along with dynamic. Learning can be sent to assess singular reaction which has been demonstrated by models in the writing. Essentially, the final product recommends that learning can be use as correspondence and connection strategy to see singular reaction particularly budgetary items. List of chapters 1.0 Introduction Business achievement can be acquired through the proper investigation of buyer conduct. Customer purchasing conduct is a multi step process, which includes purchasing, paying, utilizing and rethinking a similar item over once more. To comprehend the purchasing behavior or activities is basic as it legitimately impact the business achievement. As referenced by Caslione, John A, (2009) the promoting techniques must meet customer inclinations in downturn time so as to increase serious edge. Most normally purchasing exercises mirrors the system use by the organizations for showcasing and satisfying the market needs. So shoppers are considers to be the section and exit to an effective business. To comprehend the customers dynamic it is critical to comprehend the psychological elements influencing their necessities, decision, inclination and last and post buy understanding or learning (5 Ws of showcasing). Examination done on purchaser conduct assists with understanding the choosing procedure in two different ways for example all things considered and separately. Both individual and aggregate purchasing process is influenced by different components like socioeconomics, condition and observation. (Foxall, Gordon R, 1987) referenced through the conduct research organizations can estimate the purchasing recurrence and item inclinations. Hypothesis of Consumer conduct and dynamic The dynamic hypothesis was analyzed and changed by Nicholas Bernoulli and Oskar Morgenstern yet it begin around 300 years prior. The hypothesis depended on the desire for choice results which was an intellectual procedure. Later the hypothesis was altered with the expansion of significant worth and fulfillment. Moreover Allen Shocker clarifies the multifaceted nature and steps which include in dynamic. (Michael Richarme, 2005) Degree of contribution is another significant factor while looking and settling on choice. Analysts likewise demonstrated that the showcasing exercises have enormous effect on customers brain research which assists with taking choice. Shopper conduct is a mental capacity which includes the client to experience the recognizable proof of their needs, looking through techniques to satisfy the requirements and settle on buy choices in like manner. The procedure can likewise be portrayed as gathering, deciphering, making arrangements and executing it for effectively purchasing the ideal item (Lars Perner, 2008). The conduct approach of the purchaser is profoundly commanded by their brain research. The main model of customer choice of making process was created in 1963 by Howard and later altered in 1969 which has become the current hypothesis of purchaser conduct. The refreshed model gives a reconciliation among the few mental, social, and market pressure on the purchasers decision and data (Howard and Sheth, 1969). Source: http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/10107/1/Consumer_Behaviour_Theory_ _Approaches_%26_Models.pdf) 1.2 Consumer Decision Making Process Shoppers can't settle on their choice alone, rather they have to associate and search up for the data from different sources like their own idea, reference gatherings, condition, different purchasers and venders and so forth. (Source: http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/10107/1/Consumer_Behaviour_Theory_ _Approaches_%26_Models.pdf) The purchaser dynamic procedure is collaboration between the improvement for the buy, the qualities or need of the shopper and their comparing reaction. The boosts can either be intra or bury individual from the shopper. This can additionally be clarified by the BLACK BOX MODEL which underlines on the association between the reaction and the upgrade of the purchaser. (Cindy Dietrich, 2010) The organizations plan and procedure their advertising improvements, though then again social variables like political, financial and social, sway the ecological boosts. Fig# 5 the Black Box Model (Source:http://marketing5.net/Buying-conduct and-dynamic rules of-Base-of-the download-w11405.pdf) The container encases the qualities of purchaser and their dynamic procedure which encourages the purchaser to choose and reaction. Inner and outer components have been spoken to in the model as purchaser attributes and natural improvements separately. These variables together impact the choice procedure and purchaser reaction as portrayed in the figure above. From the distinguishing proof of issue till the post assessment of the choice each progression is exceptionally basic for the purchaser which legitimately influences the advertising procedures. Positive learning lessen the means in dynamic where purchaser limited down the decision, data search, elective, here buyer conduct to purchase the particular item. All these procedure identify with purchaser mental components, inspiration, learning, character and so forth based on data accumulated the purchaser attempts to choose the best accessible choice while making the buy. (A) How the chose factor influences the conduct hypothetically? Beginning and impact of learning on purchasers conduct The subjective technique is most of mental brain science which established by early Marketers back (360 B.C). The memory or learning hypothesis was created by Aristotle who connected learning and information as a psychological procedure. In 1950 Hubb built up a model called Stimlus-creature reaction which was ruled by behaviorism approach. (Expectation J. Hartman,2001) Buyer choices are impacted by singular uniqueness like age, way of life, self idea, character, occupation and monetary condition. The buy choice additionally impacted by singular learning and past experience. (Kotler, 2006) Learning alludes to activities performed or data got. It emerges as a matter of fact and exchange of needs, boosts, reaction and fortification. When the purchaser has gained from their experience they attempt to dis

Executive compensation as a Macroeconomics topic Essay

Official remuneration as a Macroeconomics subject - Essay Example With respect to the supporters of free market economy, business cycles are ordinary (McConnell and Brue 134). However, during the previous years, its capacity to address itself is being put to address thus the need to apply other agents’ help was seen. Macroeconomic vacillations influence corporations’ execution through interest and cost conditions (Oxelheim, Wihlborg and Zhang, par.1). Nowadays, CEOs and elevated level chiefs are being employed by organizations to help them in their activities. Obviously, their administrations won't be for nothing out of pocket, truly, they are generously compensated. Yet, issues emerge in light of the fact that they are presently observed as contributing elements to the huge expense for organizations causing disequilibrium. Many accept that U.S. official pay is gravely out of harmony (Paulin 1). This is a direct result of the high remuneration that these directors charge corresponding to their administrations rendered to the organizat ions. The balance in the market is being upset by the broadening hole in the pace of official remuneration and others doing likewise occupations in different pieces of the world just as the average representatives. On the off chance that in any case, CEOs and chiefs are utilized to help illuminate the blemishes of the market but since of the an excessive amount of cost of remuneration they ask which is additionally accepted to be out of balance, they are signifying the disappointments of the free market framework.

Essay Question About Symbolism In The Scarlet Letter Example For Students

Paper Question About Symbolism In The Scarlet Letter In The Scarlet Letter , Nathaniel Hawthorne presents this novel in a sensational perspective, beginning with the area of the jail. Hester is shown as a double-crossing lady in a Puritan culture, where sin is cruelly represented. She is compelled to wear her identification of disgrace all through life close by her girl Pearl, yet the incongruity, all things considered, is that she gets one of the most accommodating, extraordinary, upright individuals in her general public. Hawthorne utilizes images to pass on his topic of the impacts of wrongdoing. The woods represents an amicable spot, where Hester and Mr. Dimmesdale can share opportunity, to talk and consider their emotional life changes. The timberland is their entryway or escape to isolation. It is a joyful spot, where they are bohemians, staying standoffish from society and can cut loose through the backwoods and be real to life with each other. The backwoods as an image assists with building up the story all the more precisely. Hawthorne passes on this image, so as to relate to his feeling of dramatization all through the characters lives. Images are a significant scholarly component, that Hawthorne exploits by appearing, profundity, gloom, opportunity to admit sin and different hindrances. In the woods, a peaceful, private and most loner spot, Hester and Mr. Dimmesdale unwind close to a chattering creek, with the green greenery soothing them. Mr. Dimmesdale now sees this is the spot as direct with Hester and make their arrangements for their escape. The backwoods holds the insider facts that Hester and Mr. Dimmesdale share. This spot is the main opportunity they need to truly talk, without stressing of townspeople partner themselves together. The woodland is a position of riddle and persona. The sister of representative Bellingham, (Mistress Hibbins), is viewed as a witch, who regularly stays standoffish from society as Hester has remained. The dark man with the works in his book, holds the names, written in blood, of the individuals he meets among the trees is a riddle himself. Pearl is an incredible opposite wickedness herself. When Hester feels free and brings down her hair lastly disposes of the letter into the creek, Pearl is berserk at seeing the missing letter. Hester feels free now and again, yet Pearl ties her precisely and she can never escape from it. Just certain occasions, when Hester is distant from everyone else with Mr. Dimmesdale would she be able to feel invigorated and arranged in ease. The backwoods holds these specifications. All things being equal, Hawthorne leaves the novel open to his inexhaustible utilization of imagery. The backwoods an image, and the most patent spot to consider, along with a reasonable plot, persuading portrayal, and significant abstract gadgets empowers Nathaniel Hawthorne in The Scarlet Letter to the build up the topic of the impacts of wrongdoing.

Fiscal Stimulus - Three Key Ingredients

Financial Stimulus - Three Key Ingredients In late 2008 and mid 2009, you were unable to turn on a TV or open a paper without hearing the term financial upgrade again and again. The thought behind monetary improvement is a somewhat straightforward one - a decrease in buyer request has brought about a bizarrely high number of inactive assets, for example, jobless specialists and shut manufacturing plants. Since the private area won't spend, the administration can replace the private part by expanding spending, hence giving these inert assets back something to do. With their recently discovered salary, these laborers will have the option to spend once more, increment buyer request. Too, laborers who as of now have occupations will have expanded trust in the condition of the economy and will build their spending too. When shopper spending rises enough, the legislature can slow their spending, as they are not, at this point expected to get the slack.The hypothesis behind financial boost relies upon three fundamental components. A s we will see, by and by it is hard to have more than two of these met at any one time. Financial Stimulus Factor 1 - Provide Stimulus Through Use of Idle Resources Financial improvement possibly works on the off chance that it utilizes inactive assets - assets that would not in any case be utilized by the private part. Utilizing representatives and gear that would some way or another be utilized by the private area is of no utilization; truth be told, it is negative if the private part extends are of more incentive than government ones. This swarming out of private spending by open spending must be avoided.To abstain from swarming out, extraordinary consideration should be taken in a monetary improvement bundle to target businesses and geographic regions that contain inert assets. Re-opening a shut car plant and rehiring the laid off laborers is an undeniable method to do as such, however in reality it is hard to focus on an upgrade plan so precisely.We can't overlook that the decision of what kind of financial boost is picked by lawmakers, and consequently is a policy driven issue as much as it is a monetary one. There is an incredible probabi lity that a politically well known however non-animating bundle will be picked more than one that is politically less famous yet progressively advantageous to the economy. Monetary Stimulus Factor 2 - Started Quickly A downturn is certifiably not an especially enduring marvel (however it frequently feels like one). Since World War II downturns have kept going somewhere in the range of 6 and year and a half, with a normal length of 11 months (source). Assume we are in a long downturn of year and a half, with an additional a half year of moderate development a short time later. This gives us a two year window wherein to give financial upgrade. During this period various things need to occur: The administration needs to perceive that the economy is in downturn. This takes longer than one may envision - the National Bureau of Economic Research didn't perceive that the United States was in a downturn until a year after it started.The government needs to build up an upgrade package.The improvement charge should be made law and pass all the fundamental checks and balances.The ventures engaged with the boost bundle should be begun. There might be delays in this progression, especially if the undertaking includes the structure of physical foundation. Ecological evaluations should be finished, private segment contractual workers need to offer on the task, laborers should be recruited. The entirety of this takes time.The ventures, preferably, should be finished. In the event that they are not finished before the economy completely recuperates, at that point we will positively have swarming out as these representatives and hardware would be useful to the private part. These things need to occur in the window of, best case scenario, two years. Meeting this errand appears to be very troublesome, if certainly feasible. Financial Stimulus Factor 3 - Perform Reasonably Well on a Benefit-Cost Test In a perfect world, we ought to get great incentive for our cash - the administration ought to spend citizen dollars on things of genuine incentive to the citizen. Government spending will essentially bring GDP in light of the fact that up in the computation of GDP the estimation of any administration venture is controlled by its cost, not its worth. In any case, building streets to no place does nothing to expand our actual standard of living.There is additionally the policy centered issue here - that activities might be picked on their political ubiquity or incentive to extraordinary interests, as opposed to on their merits.â Monetary Stimulus - Meeting One Factor Is Hard; Three Is Impossible In Fiscal Stimulus - Unlikely To Work in reality we will see that not exclusively are a portion of these elements sufficiently hard to meet all alone, it is almost difficult to meet more than two of them at any one time.

Maslows Hierarchy Of Needs Questions 1-4 Essays - Happiness

Maslows Hierarchy Of Needs Questions 1-4 Essays - Happiness Maslows Hierarchy Of Needs Questions 1-4 September 24TH 2015 1.Using your Everyday Encounters reading material as your reference, give a short portrayal of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs in your own words. Clarify quickly how correspondence encourages us address our issues (3 pts.). I accept we need correspondence in regular day to day existence, its how we endure. Maslows progressive system of necessities begins with what I believe is significant, confidence needs are what we have to regard ourselves, to be values and to be regarded by others. We take a stab at fearlessness in regular daily existence, we need to be better than we were yesterday. That is the means by which we convey to ourselves to develop and succeed. 2.Select one of the eight needs on the pecking order. Give a meaning of that need (3 pt.). The remainder of the task will concentrate on this need Confidence needs are generally significant, they are fitness, endorsement and acknowledgment. - Competence is having reasonable or adequate abilities, information, and experience - Approval is esteeming and regarding ourselves and being esteemed and regarded by others. We convey through our brain to regard our selves - Recognition is affirmation that someone else exists, we do this by non-verbal Practices, for example, a grin or a touch or even verbally by making statements, for example, Hi ideal to meet you. 3.Reflect on when you utilized relational correspondence so as to address that issue. Clarify the circumstance, who was included, what you and the other individual or individuals imparted, and how your need was met (6 pts.) At the point when I chose to come out as gay, I needed to speak with my family to let them What my identity was. I was so apprehensive to talk yet once I began speaking I was quiet. My family sat there and listened then consoled me that it was alright that they love and regard me regardless what. Conveying helped address my issues by placing fearlessness in myself. 4.Consider your future working environment (for example addictions) where you will work with customers from various different backgrounds. Give a case of a circumstance wherein you will utilize correspondence to assist somebody with addressing the need you chose (6 pts.). Turning into a guide in the event that somebody came to me with a circumstance like mine they were making some hard memories coming out to their family, I would inform them concerning my experience about coming out to my family since I have that information. I at that point would ensure they are sure about themselves that they would have the endorsement they need from their parent (model: are they alright with others who are gay) I at that point would inquire as to whether they regard them self all around ok to be certain this is the thing that they need. I would ensure he perceives that I am understanding and listening admirably too him by indicating compassion for them. Correspondence permits your voice to be heard. .

Short-Term Memory Duration and Capacity

Short-Term Memory Duration and Capacity Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Short-Term Memory Duration and Capacity By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on November 25, 2019 Joshua Hodge Photography / Vetta / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Duration Capacity Short-Term vs. Working Memory Short-Term vs. Long-Term Memory View All Back To Top Short-term memory, also known as primary or active memory, is the information we are currently aware of or thinking about. The information found in short-term memory comes from paying attention to sensory memories. A quick overview: Short-term memory is very brief. When short-term memories are not rehearsed or actively maintained, they last mere seconds.Short-term memory is limited. It is commonly suggested that short-term memory can hold seven plus or minus two items. Duration  of Short-Term Memory Most of the information kept in short-term memory will be stored for approximately 20 to 30 seconds, but it can be just seconds if rehearsal or active maintenance of the information is prevented. Some information can last in short-term memory for up to a minute, but most information spontaneously decays quite quickly. For example, imagine that you are trying to remember a phone number. The other person rattles off the phone number, and you make a quick mental note. Moments later you realize that you have already forgotten the number. Without rehearsing or continuing to repeat the number until it is committed to memory, the information is quickly lost from short-term memory. You can increase the duration of short-term memories to an extent by using rehearsal strategies such as saying the information aloud or mentally repeating it. However, the information in short-term memory is also highly susceptible to interference. Any new information that enters short-term memory will quickly displace any old information. Similar items in the environment can also interfere with short-term memories. While many of our short-term memories are quickly forgotten, attending to this information allows it to continue the next stage â€" long-term memory. Capacity  of Short-Term Memory The amount of information that can be stored in short-term memory can vary. An often-cited figure is a plus or minus seven items, based on the results of a famous experiment on short-term memory. In an influential paper titled The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two, psychologist George Miller suggested that people can store between five and nine items in short-term memory. More recent research suggests that people are capable of storing approximately four chunks or pieces of information in short-term memory. Distinction Between Short-Term Memory and Working Memory Short-term memory is often used interchangeably with working memory, but the two should be utilized separately. Working memory refers to the processes that are used to temporarily store, organize, and manipulate information. Short-term memory, on the other hand, refers only to the temporary storage of information in memory. Distinguishing Short-Term From Long-Term Memory Memory researchers often use what is referred to as the three-store model to conceptualize human memory. This model suggests that memory consists of three basic stores: sensory, short-term, and long-term and that each of these can be distinguished based on storage capacity and duration. While long-term memory has a seemingly unlimited capacity that last years, short-term memory is relatively brief and limited. Chunking information into small groups makes it easier to remember more items for a short period. The information-processing view of memory suggests that human memory works much like a computer. In this model, information first enters short-term memory (a temporary holding store for recent events) and then some of this information is transferred into long-term memory (a relatively permanent store), much like information on a computer being placed on a hard disk. How Can Short-Term Memories Become Long-Term Memories? Since short-term memory is limited in both capacity and duration, the retention of memories requires transferring the information from short-term stores into long-term memory. How exactly does this take place? There are a few different ways that information can be committed to long-term memory. As mentioned earlier, chunking is one memorization technique that can facilitate the transfer of information into long-term memory. This approach involves breaking up information into smaller segments. If you were trying to memorize a string of numbers, for example, you would segment them off into three or four item blocks. Rehearsal can also help information make it into long-term memory. You might use this approach when studying materials for an exam. Instead of just reviewing the information once or twice, you might go over your notes over and over again until the critical information is committed to memory. The exact mechanisms for how memories are transferred from short-term to long-term stores remain controversial and not well understood. The classic model, known as the Atkinson-Shiffrin model or multi-modal model, suggested that all short-term memories were automatically placed in long-term memory after a certain amount of time. More recently, other researchers have proposed that some mental editing takes place and that only particular memories are selected for long-term retention. Still, other researchers dispute the idea that there are separate stores for short-term and long-term memories. Recent research has shown that exercise may also help increase short-term memory. One experiment found that treadmill exercise in rats with Alzheimers led to improvements in short-term memory by increasing neurogenesis, offering hope for new approaches  that alleviate some of the symptoms associated with Alzheimers disease. A Word From Verywell Short-term memory plays a vital role in shaping our ability to function in the world around us, but it is limited in terms of both capacity and duration. Disease and injury can also have an influence on the ability to store short-term memories as well as convert them into long-term memories. As researchers continue to learn more about factors that influence memory, new ways of enhancing and protecting short-term memory may continue to emerge.

Grammar One to 1

When learning a new language, students almost always begin with the alphabet and numbers. We use letters, of course, to form words, which form sentences that express ideas of varying complexity in a form that people who read this written language can understand. Numbers designate a different kind of language, one that conveys equations and measurements, mathematical calculations and scientific formulas. But sometimes the two forms come together, when, for example, we are outlining how to follow numerical steps or stating someone’s age or simply noting that there is more than one right way to write numbers. How and when are we supposed to put numbers into words? Generally, the rule of thumb for writing numbers in English prose goes like this: spell out the word for numbers under ten, and write the numerical symbol for numbers 11 and higher. For example: For the party, I bought two frozen pizzas, three quarts of ice cream, and six bags of chips. I also bought a 12-pack of seltzer. The Gregorian calendar comprises 12 months or 356 days, and each month has 28, 30, or 31 days. As with most rules in English, however, there are exceptions. The first word of a sentence must always be spelled out, even in the case of large numbers. For instance: Forty students are trying out for the volleyball team this fall. (correct) NOT: 40 students are trying out for the volleyball team. (incorrect) For the sake of consistency and style, it is often advisable to keep the same format for writing out multiple numbers within a sentence, even when combining large and small numbers: On our cross-country road trip, we visited 22 cities in 9 different states. (The inconsistent alternative would be 22 cities in nine states.) Similarly, if numbers appear many times throughout a piece of text, it is better to write them all numerically for ease of reading. Context-specific: There are also specific rules based on different contexts for writing numbers. Ordinal numbers: Ordinal numbers, as the name suggests, are used to express numerical items in relation to each other, or in a certain order, according to their quality or placement. In English, ordinal numbers are spelled differently from their cardinal number counterparts. (A cardinal number is what we typically think of when we think of counting numbers – in other words, numbers that denote a quantity: one, two, three, etc). You can recognize ordinal numbers by their suffixes, which apply both in the spelled out word and the numerical abbreviation of ordinal numbers. One → first (1st) Two → second (2nd) Three → third (3rd) Four → fourth (4th) Five → fifth (5th) Six → sixth (6th) Seven → seventh (7th) Eight → eighth (8th) Nine → ninth (9th) Ten → tenth (10th) Eleven → eleventh (11th) Twenty → twentieth (20th) Deciding whether to spell out ordinal numbers or write the numerical abbreviation usually depends on the length of the number. When it is only one word (like second), spell it out: I won second place at the spelling bee! When the cardinal number is composed of multiple hyphenated words (like thirty-one), the ordinal number can be expressed as a numeral: The office is located on the 31st floor. Dates: Writing dates is another context in which we inherently combine words with numbers (to describe the name of a month and the number of a day or year). When writing out the full date of an event, use the cardinal number: The celebration will take place on August 21, 2019. When referring to a specific day without mentioning the year, use the ordinal number: We are all getting together on the 21st of August to celebrate! Age: When referring to a person by their age, the most important thing to know is where (and when) to add hyphens. When the age functions as a noun (referring to a person by their age) or as an adjective (describing a person or object), you need to hyphenate: The 68-year-old was known for being an incredible chef. (noun) The 68-year-old chef retired after working in the same restaurant for 30 years. (adjective) Whether or not to spell out a person’s age depends on the size of the number, following the first rule of thumb. For ages under ten, spell it out: The girl is seven years old, and she has a four-year-old brother. For ages higher than ten, you can write the numeral: My grandfather was 68 years old when he retired. How and when to follow these rules about writing numbers is ultimately a stylistic choice, and different publications may have their own set of expectations. Writing is one of the primary skills required of high school and college students, yet rarely is it taught well. That’s why our writing tutors are published authors, MFA graduates, and Ph.D candidates in the humanities who have devoted years to learning how to teach their craft. Our goal is to help our students become confident and independent academic writers. We teach students how to perform systematic research, create outlines, revise effectively, and appropriately cite sources. Moreover, we work hard to teach students why these things are important, and how to enjoy doing them. We work with students in the context of formal courses, but we are also happy to create bespoke writing tutorials for students who need outside assistance or would like to practice during vacations from school. We also support students preparing to sit for the Writing section of the SAT, GRE, GMAT, TOEFL, or any other standardized exam. In addition to helping students learn how to structure and communicate their thoughts in writing, our expository writing tutors will help you craft exciting, successful admissions essays, and beat standardized exams that test verbal skills. We have helped countless students shape their application narratives and transform their stories into compelling pieces of writing. ; Read some of Alison's previous blog posts on grammar below! Homonyms Fun English Facts Betwixt and between: difficult grammar rules explained One for All and All for None? Grammatical Rules for One, Neither, and Each!